i have a discount code that i wont use. if you want it, plaese dm me

I am looking for relevant sources / practice questions related to EX 188 exam. Dm me if you have attempted it recently. Thanks.

We've all written the "just a few commands in a row with a shebang on top" bash script. This week's Into the Terminal (episode 203) is about the stuff that turns that script into something you — or anyone else — can actually hand off, debug, and maintain: global variables, non-destructive sed edits, three different ways to do logging (including a newer bash feature a lot of people don't know about), command-line argument parsing done right vs. done quick-and-dirty, and structured error handling with exit codes. There's also a good closing discussion on when you should stop writing bash and pick up Python (or something else) instead.

Full video here → https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8fpy4XbIGkc More hands-on RHEL practice → https://redhat.com/interactive-labs

The Essentials: Global Variables & Non-Destructive Edits

Global Variables Up Top

The core idea: anything in your script that's likely to change later (connection options, file paths, flags) belongs in a variable, declared near the top, not buried in the body of the script.

Pro tip from the show: Scott intentionally keeps his scripts self-contained rather than sourcing config from external files. His reasoning — if you hand someone a script that sources three other files, you now have to hand them all four files, and he's been burned debugging a "broken" script that was really just missing a sourced dependency. Nate pointed out the flip side: for larger projects, splitting config/functions/files into separate sourced pieces is totally standard — it's basically how every big codebase organizes itself. It's a tradeoff between portability and maintainability, and where you land depends on your team.

Backing Up Files Before sed -i

A follow-up from their grep/sed episode at #200: how do you make sed -i non-destructive?

Caveat called out on stream: if you run the same -i.bak command twice, the second run silently overwrites your first backup — sed won't ask. A dated extension (or a variable-driven one, tying back into the global-variables section) avoids clobbering your safety net. And to be clear — this is a "don't shoot yourself in the foot while scripting" safety net, not a substitute for real, off-system backups.

Advanced Features: Logging Three Different Ways

Option 1 — logger (system-level logging)

logger "some message" sends your message into the syslog pipeline — typically landing in /var/log/messages by default on RHEL, tagged with host, user, and message ID.

Catch: anyone can write a log message with logger, but a regular (non-root) user can't read /var/log/messages by default. That makes logger great for genuinely system-level events (user provisioning, system-wide changes) but overkill — and kind of useless — for a personal script's own debugging output, which was the consensus from both hosts.

Option 2 — Your Own Local Log File

For script-local logging, define the log file as a global variable, then make sure the directory/file actually exist before writing to them:

bash logfile=~/.test/log-$(date +%Y%m%d) if ! [ -e ~/.test ]; then mkdir ~/.test fi if ! [ -e $logfile ]; then touch $logfile fi

Option 3 — File Handles: Old Way vs. New Way

This is the part of the episode most people in chat said they'd never seen before. Instead of redirecting every single line with >> $logfile, you open a file handle once and write to it by name for the rest of the script.

The old way (numeric file descriptors, FD 3–9 are "fair game" — 0/1/2 are reserved for stdin/stdout/stderr):

bash exec 5>> $logfile echo "**** $(date) ****" >&5 echo "==== Initialized script ====" >&5 echo "Script script script" echo "==== Completed script ====" >&5

The new way (named file descriptors — requires Bash 4.1+):

bash exec {log}>> $logfile echo "**** $(date) ****" >&"$log" echo "==== Initialized script ====" >&"$log" echo "Script script script" echo "==== Completed script ====" >&"$log"

Toggleable Debug Logging

The nicest trick in this section: instead of sprinkling echo debug statements through your script and having to remember to rip them all out later, gate them behind a debug variable:

bash debug="1" # 1 = on, 0 = off if [ $debug -eq "1" ]; then echo "**** $(date) ****" >&"$log" echo "==== Initialized script ====" >&"$log" fi

Flip debug to 0 and all those diagnostic lines go silent — no hunting through the script to comment them back out when you're done troubleshooting.

Command-Line Arguments: getopts vs. Rolling Your Own

Both scripts set the same kind of defaults (verbose, error-logging flag) and a usage() function — defined once, called from every error path instead of duplicating the usage text everywhere. (Bash note from the show: unlike some languages, bash needs functions defined before they're called, so keep them near the top.)

getopts — the recommended approach

```bash

opts-getopts.sh

verbose=0 error_log=0 usage() { echo "Usage: $0 [-v] [-e] [-f logfile]"; }

while getopts "vef:h" opt; do case $opt in v) verbose=1 ;; e) error_log=1 ;; f) logfile=$OPTARG ;; h) usage; exit 0 ;; *) usage; exit 1 ;; esac done ```

The manual while/case loop — works, but has sharp edges

```bash

opts-loop.sh

while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do case $1 in -v) verbose=1 ;; -e) error_log=1 ;; -f) logfile=$2; shift ;; esac shift done ```

Uses $1, $2, … (bash's auto-populated positional args) and $# (arg count) directly.

Bottom line from Nate: getopts does more of the work for you — combined flags, required-argument validation — for not much more code. The manual loop "feels" more obvious at first glance, but you end up re-implementing things getopts already handles.

Error Handling & Exit Codes

Conditional execution (quick and dirty)

bash ls -l /etc/foobar || exit 6

If the command fails (non-zero exit), the || kicks in and the script exits immediately with code 6. Great for one simple fallback action — gets unreadable fast if you need to do more than one thing on failure.

Function-based error handling (for anything more complex)

bash error_function() { echo "A command run encountered an unrecoverable error" echo "The command was: $1" exit 6 } ... ls -l /etc/foobar || error_function "ls -l /etc/foobar"

Wrapping the failure path in a function keeps the conditional clean no matter how much logic the error path actually needs, and lets you reuse it everywhere in the script.

Exit code notes from the discussion

Bonus: When Should You Stop Using Bash?

A great closing discussion that's worth a watch even if you skip everything else: Scott and Nate's rules of thumb for "this should not be a bash script anymore":

• You're doing math. Bash arithmetic is painful; if you're reaching for it regularly, you've picked the wrong tool.
• You need real data structures. Bash can do arrays, but linked lists, hashed arrays, or anything beyond simple lists are a sign to move to Python/Node/C.
• You're talking to a database. If your bash script is shelling out to mysql/sqlite3 command-line clients to parse results, you've crossed the line — "chances are if someone's written a bunch of handlers for the thing you want to do in a different language, that means you're in the wrong language." (Shoutout to a viewer in chat who's apparently "scarred for life" from rolling his own MySQL bash helper script.)
• You're connecting to other services, not just running OS-level commands on the local machine — other languages already have mature libraries for that.

Scott's rule: bash is for things that are systems-specific without complex data storage needs. Once you're past that, you're better served elsewhere — and that goes for over-engineering with bash includes, too (cue the story about a coworker who "couldn't write one script" and instead always wrote 33 — one for functions, one for config, one for file lists, etc.).

Quick Reference Card

```bash

--- Global variables (put these at the top) ---

sshopts="-oStrictHostKeyChecking=no" ssh $sshopts localhost "whoami"

--- Non-destructive sed edits ---

sed -i.bak 's/bar/BAR/' config # backup: config.bak sed -i.$(date +%Y%m%d) 's/baz/BAZ/' config # dated backup (won't clobber as easily)

--- System-level logging ---

logger "==== Initialized script ====" # -> /var/log/messages (root-readable only)

--- Local log file setup ---

logfile=~/.test/log-$(date +%Y%m%d) [ -e ~/.test ] || mkdir ~/.test [ -e "$logfile" ] || touch "$logfile"

--- Named file handle (Bash 4.1+), vs numeric (old way, FD 3-9 only) ---

exec {log}>> "$logfile" # new: unlimited, named exec 5>> "$logfile" # old: capped at FD 9, numeric only echo "message" >&"$log" echo "message" >&5

--- Toggleable debug logging ---

debug="1" if [ "$debug" -eq "1" ]; then echo "debug info" >&"$log" fi

--- Command-line args: the right way ---

while getopts "vef:h" opt; do case $opt in v) verbose=1 ;; e) error_log=1 ;; f) logfile=$OPTARG ;; h) usage; exit 0 ;; esac done

--- Error handling ---

ls -l /etc/foobar || exit 6 # quick conditional exit error_function() { # reusable error handler echo "Unrecoverable error running: $1" exit 6 } ls -l /etc/foobar || error_function "ls -l /etc/foobar"

--- Exit code check ---

echo $? # last command's exit status (0 = success, 1-255 = error) ```

Links

• 📺 Watch the full episode: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8fpy4XbIGkc
• 🎓 Get started with RHEL: https://developers.redhat.com/register
• 🧪 Try it yourself — Interactive Labs: https://redhat.com/interactive-labs
• 💬 Join the Discord: https://red.ht/rhel-discord
• Nate Lager: https://social.undrground.org/@gangrif
• Scott McBrien: https://www.linkedin.com/in/scott-mcbrien-349b356

Into the Terminal is a (mostly) weekly live show where Red Hatters dig into Linux and RHEL administration skills — one terminal command, one bad pun, and one "oops, wrong window" at a time.

Sent email to [purchasing@redhat.com](mailto:purchasing@redhat.com) regarding a subscription query, an auto email was received with a case number

A few hrs later, Got an auto email saying the case is updated.however when I click on the link in the email, it is asking for login credentials which I don't have/ don't know

Please suggest how do I view the contents of their response in the ticket.

Not sure if this is the correct sub to post this to.
‘I want to learn Linux for professional use. I know a bit of the general use (from A+) but I’m looking to peruse an IT career and I want (and need) to learn Linux and pretty fast.

I saw a post saying RH exams are the only thing that truly shows Linux literacy opposed to Linux+.

would you agree, if not what would you recommend. if you do agree what are some steps you’d recommend.

I’ve downloaded Arch on an old laptop and dual-boot popos on my pc.

Previous releases of the Red Hat build of Podman Desktop have introduced enterprise features to make it easy to integrate the tool into strict corporate settings. Building on that foundation, Red Hat continues to strengthen usability, developer velocity, and platform security with Red Hat build of Podman Desktop 1.2, including:
- Podman 6 engine support: Full integration with the next-generation container engine release.
- Automatic public CA keys synchronization:UI option to enable localhost public CA key synchronization when creating a new Podman virtual machine (VM).
- Secret management UI: A graphical dashboard for creating, mounting, and managing Docker and Podman secrets.
- In-app updating: Automated checks and single-click update execution directly from the desktop interface.
- Bug and CVE fixes: Upgraded dependencies and patched security vulnerabilities to keep enterprise environments resilient and compliant.

TL;DR
The Red Hat build of Podman Desktop 1.2 introduces Podman 6 engine support, a secret management interface, automatic public CA key synchronisation and in-app updating. Moving from Podman 5.x involves stopping machines and recreating them.

Hi community, I still don’t see a patch for RHEL 8.10 for PwnScape.

People at Redhat must be having fun accessing all the 0days right now…

I have been applying a fix for the recently reported 8 compromised certificates and figured I'd share the script I'm using.

Designed for RH and clones, I'll share it as a text file you can review before you rename and apply. It's a simple script based directly on the disclosure page linked to that I found after the original article here on reddit.

I hope it helps, here is distrust.sh - downloaded as a .txt file you can read/review before renaming to distrust.sh and running it as /bin/bash distrust.sh. If your system isn't vulnerable it does nothing.

I'm sick of having to make several clicks just to see an update for a case.

Hello

Let's implement AAP 2.7 (Ansible Automation Platform) in a containerized way!

Enjoy it!

Wally

Upgrading your internal developer platform shouldn't feel like navigating a minefield. Upcoming Red Hat Developer Hub  release 2.1 introduces major performance and architectural updates—including upstream Backstage's new front-end system and standalone OCI plugin images—but getting there requires rethinking how your custom plug-ins are built and mounted.

Two architectural shifts require preparation before upgrading: adopting the new front-end system and migrating plug-ins to standalone OCI images. Red Hat Developer Hub 2.1 includes other breaking changes not covered here; the upcoming release notes and migration documentation provide a complete list.

TL;DR
Red Hat Developer Hub 2.1 removes Scalprum and the old front-end; plug-ins must adopt ./alpha exports and extension blueprints. Configuration shifts from dynamicPlugins.frontend to app.extensions, and plug-ins become standalone OCI images.

Last week was GPG. This week, Nate gets to nerd out about his favorite RHEL feature: bootc, the open-source engine behind RHEL Image Mode. If you've heard the buzz about "treating your OS like a container" but haven't actually seen it happen, this episode is the fundamentals primer — writing a Containerfile, building a bootc image, pushing it to a registry, booting a VM from it, pushing a live update, and (because why not) rolling it back when things go sideways.

📺 Watch the full episode: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0siLuf0bv-E

Here's everything covered, organized so you can actually use it.

The Essentials: What Even Is a bootc Image?

A bootc image is a real OCI-compliant container — you could technically run it in Podman — but it's "very heavy" because it bundles everything a full RHEL install needs: systemd, a kernel, a bootloader, the works. Red Hat publishes special bootc base images you build from, and from there it's "basically like writing a kickstart, except the mechanism is a container build."

Setting up the project directory and Containerfile:

bash mkdir ~/bootc-base mkdir -p ~/bootc-base/etc/ostree mkdir -p ~/bootc-base/usr/lib/bootc/kargs.d cd ~/bootc-base vim Containerfile

dockerfile FROM registry.redhat.io/rhel10/rhel-bootc:10.1 RUN dnf -y install pcp-zeroconf \ rsyslog \ tmux \ tuned RUN dnf install -y https://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/epel-release-latest-10.noarch.rpm RUN sed -e '/^metalink=https:\/\/mirrors.fedoraproject.org\/metalink/ s/^/#/' \ -e '/^#baseurl=http:/ s/http/https/' \ -e '/^#baseurl=https:\/\/download.example/ s/^#//' \ -e '/^baseurl=https:\/\/download.example/ s_https://download.example_https://dl.fedoraproject.org_' \ -i /etc/yum.repos.d/epel*.repo RUN dnf -y install btop iftop COPY etc/ /etc COPY usr/ /usr

💡 Pro tip from the episode: You can absolutely use EPEL (or any custom/satellite-hosted repo) with a bootc base. It's RHEL under the hood — "you just manage it a little bit differently." You don't install packages or manage the filesystem directly on a live host; it all gets baked in at build time.

🔒 Subscription note: bootc images built on RHEL content require a RHEL subscription (free developer tier is fine for personal/lab use). This is unlike UBI images, which are specifically architected to be fully redistributable with no subscription required. Don't publish RHEL-based bootc images publicly — Fedora or CentOS Stream bootc images, on the other hand, are totally fair game to share since they're not subscription-encumbered.

Advanced Features: Registry, Auth, and Building the VM

Pushing to a registry (and baking in auth)

Every bootc host needs a container registry to pull updates from. In the lab, that's a local Podman-hosted registry, but in production you'd point at Satellite, Quay, GitLab/GitHub registries, or any registry your fleet can reach.

The catch: if your registry requires authentication (as most production registries do), every deployed bootc host also needs to authenticate to pull updates — or bootc update will just fail. The fix is to bake an auth token into the image itself:

```bash

Normal login to push from the build host

podman login -u core -p redhat <registry>

Generate a reusable auth file (a token, not raw credentials)

podman login -u core -p redhat <registry> --authfile=auth.json mv auth.json etc/ostree/auth.json ```

Because etc/ostree/auth.json gets COPY'd into the image, any system deployed from it inherits that authentication — no manual registry logins needed on every host later.

⚠️ Caveat: Be careful what you bake into an image you plan to share. Nate specifically called out that he wouldn't bake registry auth into anything meant for public distribution.

Building and pushing the image

bash podman build --file Containerfile --tag <registry>/base podman push <registry>/base

Just like a normal container build, this uses a layered filesystem — rebuilds after a small change (like adding a sudoers rule) are fast because only the changed layers get rebuilt and pushed.

From container image to running VM

This is the part that trips people up: how do you get from "I have a container image" to "I have a running server"? There's no direct path — that's literally one of the problems that had to get solved to make Image Mode real. The answer is the bootc-image-builder container, which decompresses your bootc image into an actual disk image (qcow2, raw, ISO, etc.).

First, a config.toml defines first-boot customizations — in this case, adding a core user, putting it in wheel, and injecting an SSH key:

bash cd ~ cat config.toml

Then build the disk image:

bash podman run --rm --privileged --security-opt label=type:unconfined_t \ --volume ./config.toml:/config.toml \ --volume /var/lib/containers/storage:/var/lib/containers/storage \ --volume .:/output \ registry.redhat.io/rhel10/bootc-image-builder:10.1 \ --type qcow2 <registry>/base

And deploy it with virt-install/libvirt:

bash file qcow2/disk.qcow2 cp qcow2/disk.qcow2 /var/lib/libvirt/images/bootc-vm.qcow2 virt-install --name bootc-vm --disk /var/lib/libvirt/images/bootc-vm.qcow2 \ --import --memory 4096 --graphics none --osinfo rhel10-unknown \ --noautoconsole --noreboot virsh start bootc-vm

(If you've got a physical box instead of a VM, the same tool can spit out an ISO that uses kickstart under the hood to deploy the same container image.)

Exploring the booted system

Once it's up, bootc status is your main window into what's going on:

The filesystem is largely immutable. /usr, /home, /lib — read-only. Only /etc and /var are writable at runtime. That's why /home is actually a symlink to /var/home, /mount → /var/mount, /root → /var/roothome, etc. — anywhere you need runtime writability has to live under /var.

**/etc is special — it uses a three-way merge.** Files in /etc that come from your image and are never changed on disk get overwritten on every bootc update. But if you (or Ansible, or anyone) hand-edit a file in /etc after deployment, it will not be clobbered by future image updates — the live edit wins. This is important: your fleet can quietly diverge in /etc if people are making manual changes instead of pushing changes through the Containerfile.

Updating a running system

To push the "no-password sudo for wheel" change shown in the demo, you edit the Containerfile tree, rebuild, push, then update the live host:

```bash

Back on the build host

cd ~/bootc-base nano etc/sudoers.d/10-wheel

Enable passwordless sudo for the wheel group

%wheel ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL bash podman build --file Containerfile --tag <registry>/base podman push <registry>/base ```

Then on the deployed VM:

bash sudo bootc update --apply

--apply means "if the update succeeds, reboot automatically." Without it, the update is just staged — it won't take effect until the next reboot (and in RHEL 10.2+, you can even pre-download an update without staging it, so it's not "waiting to go off" at your next reboot).

Under the hood, bootc (via OSTree) uses an A/B deployment model — similar to CoreOS. The update deploys to whichever tree (A or B) isn't currently active, and the reboot just switches which tree is live.

Rollback and recovery

This is the safety net that makes 2 a.m. Saturday-night auto-updates not scary:

bash sudo bootc rollback

This swaps you back to the previously-booted tree. Since GRUB keeps boot entries for both trees, even a fully broken update has a last line of defense — go into GRUB and manually pick the other entry if bootc rollback itself isn't reachable.

Why this matters: if your maintenance window update breaks the app and you're burning through your 15-minute window, you know the other tree was working a minute ago. Roll back, you're home free. In the demo, after rolling back, the sudoers rule from the update literally disappeared — because it never touched the live /etc on disk, it only existed in the image.

Soft reboots (bonus topic)

Mentioned but not demoed: a soft reboot lets you switch trees and reload systemd without a full hardware reboot — skipping slow stuff like RAID controller initialization. It works as long as the update doesn't touch the kernel, glibc, or other reboot-mandatory components. If it's just an app-level or service-level change, a soft reboot can apply it in seconds instead of minutes. (Also works on package-mode RHEL, not just bootc.)

Settings / Configuration Reference

Image Tags: How You Actually Track Versions

Since the whole image gets replaced on update, you stop tracking "what version of Python is installed" and start tracking image tags. A few patterns discussed:

• Date/build tags (base:1016) — pin a host to a specific build; it never updates unless you explicitly bootc switch to a new tag.
• Rolling/release tags (q3-2026, standard) — push new builds to the same tag, and every host tracking it updates automatically.
• You can always correlate what's running back to exactly what was built and pushed, because the registry has the full history.

Quick Reference Card

```bash

--- Build an image ---

mkdir -p ~/bootc-base/etc/ostree ~/bootc-base/usr/lib/bootc/kargs.d cd ~/bootc-base && vim Containerfile # FROM rhel-bootc base, RUN dnf installs, COPY etc//usr/

--- Auth for your registry (bake into image) ---

podman login -u <user> -p <pass> <registry> --authfile=auth.json mv auth.json etc/ostree/auth.json

--- Build & push ---

podman build --file Containerfile --tag <registry>/base podman push <registry>/base

--- Turn the image into a bootable disk ---

podman run --rm --privileged --security-opt label=type:unconfined_t \ --volume ./config.toml:/config.toml \ --volume /var/lib/containers/storage:/var/lib/containers/storage \ --volume .:/output \ registry.redhat.io/rhel10/bootc-image-builder:10.1 \ --type qcow2 <registry>/base

--- Deploy as a local VM ---

cp qcow2/disk.qcow2 /var/lib/libvirt/images/bootc-vm.qcow2 virt-install --name bootc-vm --disk /var/lib/libvirt/images/bootc-vm.qcow2 \ --import --memory 4096 --graphics none --osinfo rhel10-unknown \ --noautoconsole --noreboot virsh start bootc-vm

--- Inspect a bootc system ---

sudo bootc status sudo bootc status --verbose sudo bootc status --format yaml

--- Ship an update to a live host ---

sudo bootc update --apply # apply + reboot automatically sudo bootc update # stage only, applies on next reboot

--- Oh no, roll it back ---

sudo bootc rollback

--- Switch to a totally different base image ---

sudo bootc switch <new-image-ref> ```

Q&A Highlights from Chat

• Is a bootc image redistributable? Sort of — it's a container, so you can share the artifact, but RHEL-based bootc images need a RHEL subscription to run, unlike fully redistributable UBI images. Fedora/CentOS Stream bootc images don't have that restriction.
• Does this relate to CoreOS? Can I get CoreOS outside OpenShift? No — CoreOS is purpose-built exclusively to run as OpenShift nodes and isn't offered as a standalone product. But RHEL Image Mode shares some of the same underlying tech (OSTree-based A/B deployment) and gives you the "build-your-own-CoreOS-style-OS" experience for general-purpose workloads.
• App architecture: bake the app into the image, or run it as a container on top of an image-mode host? No universally right answer, but Nate leans toward running the app as a separate container on top of an image-mode base — more flexibility, and you can even bake a Quadlet file into /etc/containers so the app container auto-deploys on first boot without manual intervention.
• **systemctl reboot vs reboot?** Same thing now — reboot is a symlink straight to systemctl. (Nate admits to still typing init 6 out of old habit.)

Links

• 📺 Episode video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0siLuf0bv-E
• 🧪 Intro to Image Mode lab: https://developers.redhat.com/content-gateway/link/3890630
• 🧪 Day 2 Ops with Image Mode lab: https://developers.redhat.com/content-gateway/link/3890630
• 🎓 RHEL Developer Registration (free): https://developers.redhat.com/register
• 🖥️ Try RHEL interactively: https://redhat.com/interactive-labs
• 💬 Join the Discord: https://red.ht/rhel-discord
• 🧑‍💻 Nate Lager: https://social.undrground.org/@gangrif
• 🧑‍💻 Scott McBrien: https://www.linkedin.com/in/scott-mcbrien-349b356

Into the Terminal is a weekly live show where RHEL experts walk through real commands and real workflows — bring your questions to chat, because they actually answer them. New episodes every Friday.

Been studying for this exam on and off for about a year. Feeling very overwhelmed. Any tips or reassurances?

Hi. Our organization recently purchased the Red Hat Satellite License. And currently the Sattelite and Capsule servers are configured and completed. How ever one thing I noticed when registering hosts is that it takes alot of time to register. Like around 20min. Is that normal or am I doing something wrong?

How much salary does a fresher get?

I am studying for the RHCSA. I am currently trying to practice resetting the root password. I do not see the grub menu at boot.

I logged in and changed the GRUB_TIMEOUT=10 and added GRUB_TIMEOUT_STYLE=menu.

I then proceeded to try: grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/efi/EFI/redhat/grub.cfg. This would not work (generated a warning message) like it seems to on RHEL 9.

I also tried: grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg. However when I reboot I still do not see the grub menu.

Any suggestions? Thx!

Hello, I'm interested in becoming a upstream linux kernel dev

As a undergraduate student, I'm planning to take linux foundation mentorship program and google summer of code before graduating. Unfortunately, my country, South Korea, doesn't have RedHat's Kernel Development Learning Pipeline, so those two are the only options that I can take.

After graduation, I should be looking for positions, where RedHat is very appealing to me. However in their job listings, I don't see any positions available.

Questions...

1. What is the common method to contact / apply for Redhat as a upstream kernel dev?

2. I don't think recent univ graduates are interested in kernel dev, hence the initiation of redhat's KDLP. Are there many applicants?

3. What are the requirements that redhat is expecting to have?

4. Do they offer remote jobs to kernel devs?

5. Which subsystem do redhat work on?

6. I understand Red Hat’s kernel engineering roles aren’t open to candidates based in South Korea. Does Red Hat offer visa sponsorship for these positions?

7. What are the typical workflow in Redhat?

Any responses are welcome.

Thank you for your time.