Sounds like a massive headache to specify "enemies are approaching" and "he was singing" because you can't say "enemies will approach" or "he sang". "Everything is happening, always, because time is flowing like the river" or whatever. But it's one of the silly language quirks of the silly language character Petra from Fire Emblem and I was wondering if this Teen Titans Starfire style gimmicky way of talking was a real thing foreign languages actually do or if no language with such stupid rules would survive this long without patches.

Wikipedia says that Uyghur /e/ "only occurs in words of non-Turkic origin and as the result of vowel raising", which seemed confusing as on the Uyghur Grammar page they list the words "مەن men" and "سەن sen" which don't appear to have any conditions that would imply vowel raising. What's going on here? Is 'men' actually underlying /mæn/ but /æ/ surfaces as [e] before /n/?

I have a question about language contact and how words acquire new meanings. I'm wondering whether there's a specific linguistic term for this phenomenon, and whether there are any real-world examples.

Imagine this scenario: An English speaker points to a branch of a tree and asks a native speaker of another language what it's called. The native speaker gives them the local word for a tree branch — let's call it X. Now, English uses the word branch for both a tree branch and a branch of a bank. The English speaker knows both meanings, but the native speaker initially taught them X only for the tree-related meaning.

Could the native speaker eventually start using their own word X for a bank branch as well, because they've learned that the English word branch has both meanings?

In other words, could the second meaning of an English word transfer to its native-language equivalent, even though that equivalent originally had only the first meaning?

I'm not asking whether the word itself gets borrowed from English. I'm specifically interested in whether the additional meaning of an English word can influence the meaning of an existing native word.

Does this happen in real languages? Is there a name for this process, and are there any such examples?

In every country I've lived in (Germany, Norway, Italy), there are not only regional dialects but also sociolects, oftentimes associated with major immigrant groups, like Turkish people in Germany or Somalis in Norway.

Now, I am curious as to people's opinion (or maybe even some fixed definition I am not aware of) on when something can be called a sociolect. For example, the second or third generation immigrants who speak this way obviously speak German/Norwegian/Italian as (one of) their native languages, and in areas where these communities are the majority, even children with a different background adopt this way of speaking. At the same time, you can still clearly hear how this way of speaking has been influenced by the accent the people who moved to the respective country as adults had, and in their case, no one would speak of a sociolect.

So when is a certain way of speaking no longer considered a foreign accent? When there are enough speakers? When someone born in the language's country speaks it?

English speaking people sort of know what you're talking about when you're using the most common foreign words. Many would be surprised to know "head honcho" comes from.the Japanese term "Hancho" and yet we wouldn't think of that as weeby talk like a grown-ass man saying "So kawaii uguu".

As English people and Americans continue to have more contact with foreigners will more loan words be assimilated until eventually english containe every foreign word ever?

Wanted, Opinions and perspectives on the following.
If Astrology is to Astronomy
as Alchemy is to Chemistry
Could There be an equivalent
Langmythics is to Linguistics?

What I mean by (Langmythics = Language+mystery+Theos+Mathematics) is an equivalent parallel track. An Unprovable Gnosis is to provable Knowledge.
Could there perhaps be another way of decoding words,
that isn't based on strict rules and terms of history of previous written evidence,
but rather some unseen logic of words,
that is underlying as The Logos. A Logos that is a hidden pattern function of additive building of mathematical vibrations of sounds.
For example, if we can find the mathematical golden ratio in geometry which is mathematical,
could there be yet to discovered patterns in words which are made of sounds which are frequencies which are also mathematical.
Or could there possibly be other methods that are yet to be discovered are not provable and never will be that are nonetheless logical and probable and plausible.
Question
1.) Do you believe if here could be yet to be discovered forward progress in Linguistics that is more forward looking through new tools and outsider perspectives rather than primarily based on written past referencing like Linguistics? Y or N
2.) If you answered YES and could believe there might be other unorthodox ways to reverse engineer the development of language other than past written evidence, what is it called?
What do linguistics call CONVINCING word relationship theories that have no historical provable evidence that could reveal plausible prehistoric proto languages communication relationships?
And I am not looking for juvenile snarky jokes as an answer (although I do enjoy them,) I am asking is there a parallel branch of study to Linguistics like Astrology is Astronomy, Like alchemy is to Chemistry.