Here are some tips about how to navigate the twists and turns of social media before election day.
First off, what's the difference between misinformation and disinformation?
Misinformation is false information spread unintentionally without harmful intent - perhaps a rumour being passed along, a Facebook post being shared.
Disinformation is false information that is deliberately spread with harmful intent - a post that lies about a candidate's personal life, for instance, or accuses them of a crime.
And we're also seeing malinformation, which is true information used with malice - presented out of context, or with details omitted. That's harder to pin down, but an example could be a post about medicine emphasising some rare side effects without explaining that they're rare.
It's important to distinguish between legitimate campaigning and content intentionally created to deceive, although the lines between the two can get blurry.
Many political candidates may stretch the truth or make misleading claims about their opponents, but there are also many actors out there whose only goal is to spread disinformation online.
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First tip: Think before you share
Sharing a post is easy, and it's one of the big reasons misinformation can spread like wildfire.
Netsafe's research around people who have shared misinformation turned up some interesting trends, Lyons said.
With many people, "at the point of sharing, all they had done is read the headline. They hadn't read the source of what it was".
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Second tip: Consider the source
Many social media pages may present themselves as a news source with authoritative sounding names like "NZ News Hub," a page that was found to be spewing out misleading AI-generated slop and fake news as reported by RNZ earlier this year.
Lyons said it pays to be careful to look closer at who the source really is before sharing.
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"I would encourage us to continue to keep thinking critically about what people tell us, even if them come from sources that we admire or that we have a relationship with, or whether that's an Instagram account that we enjoy and follow or a YouTube account that we enjoy and follow," Isaacs said.
"Let's go check another news source. Not just, you know, this one Instagram reel which I received."
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Third tip: Take a look at your media diet
It's easy for any of us to get stuck in a rut, and the algorithms that power social media tend to serve up content that follows what they've already tracked us viewing, creating what Isaacs called "algorithmic enclaves"
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