Watch this knowing what came after.

In 2018, Lula stood before a crowd of supporters and told them he would comply with the order for his arrest. He challenged the accusations against him, but still spoke of his belief in justice. He was preparing to lose his freedom while asking others to keep believing in their future.

He spent 580 days in prison. He was released in 2019, and his convictions were annulled in 2021. In 2022, he returned to the presidency by defeating Jair Bolsonaro at the ballot box.

Now, in 2026, he has defeated Flávio Bolsonaro after overcoming a first-round deficit, winning a fourth term that he says will be his last. Today is his birthday and he is 81 years old.

Meanwhile, Flávio is challenging the election result and facing investigations into one of the biggest financial crimes in Brazilian history. He fled Brazil for Argentina as the net was closing in and investigations pointed to his direct involvement.

The contrast with the man in this video is devastating. Lula’s courage needs no story to make it visible.

Listen to what he actually says. He believes in justice. He will comply with the warrant. His ideas will continue to circulate, and other people will carry his dreams if he can no longer carry them himself.

There is something deeply moving about hearing those words now. He had no guarantee that he would ever regain his freedom.

Watching Brazilians defeat bolsonarism/fascism again brings enormous relief. Watching this older footage brings something more personal. The realization that a person can live through humiliation, confinement and uncertainty without surrendering everything he believes his life has been for.

The people listening that day could not open his prison door. Years later, millions of voters helped make his return possible.

As he prepared to surrender, he spoke about the arrival of spring.

Watching him now, chosen once again to lead his country, it is hard not to think of everyone who kept those words close through the darkest years.

On This Day, October 28, 1940, Fascist Italy launched an invasion of Greece, expecting a swift military victory. Instead, Italian forces encountered fierce resistance that would turn the campaign into a humiliating setback for Benito Mussolini.

At approximately 3 a.m., Italian ambassador Emanuele Grazzi delivered an ultimatum to Greek Prime Minister Ioannis Metaxas. Italy demanded permission to occupy strategic locations inside Greece. Metaxas rejected the demands, and before the ultimatum had even expired, Italian troops began crossing the Greek-Albanian border.

Italy was already occupying Albania, which it had invaded in 1939. Mussolini wanted to expand Italian power across the Balkans and strengthen his position in the Mediterranean.

But Greece refused to surrender.

Greek soldiers fought across rugged mountains and freezing terrain, defending their homeland against the invading army. The difficult landscape, harsh weather, and determined Greek resistance disrupted Italy's plans for a rapid victory.

Then came an astonishing reversal.

In November 1940, Greek forces launched a counteroffensive, pushing the Italians back across the border and advancing into Italian-occupied Albania. By December, Greek troops had captured several towns and positions inside Albania.

Mussolini's attempt to demonstrate Italian military strength had become a serious embarrassment.

However, the struggle was far from over. In April 1941, Nazi Germany invaded Greece to support its Axis ally. Despite fierce resistance, Greece was eventually overrun by German forces.

October 28 remains a significant date in Greek history, commemorated as Ohi Day—"No Day"—symbolizing the country's refusal to accept the Italian ultimatum.

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Christian VII of Denmark was known for his eccentric behavior, including a belief that he was not actually real.

THE FALL OF TENOCHTITLAN — WHO REALLY WON THE WAR?

13 August 1521. One of the greatest cities in the Americas fell.

History remembers Hernán Cortés.

But he did not conquer Tenochtitlan alone.

Thousands of Indigenous warriors fought alongside the Spaniards. Tlaxcalan alliances, local knowledge, diplomacy and an extraordinary shipbuilding operation helped determine the outcome.

So why does one man dominate the story?

NEW DOCUMENTARY

THE FALL OF TENOCHTITLAN (1521)

The Allies Who Helped Defeat an Empire

Discover the coalition behind the conquest in our latest historical investigation.

Watch on YouTube:

https://youtu.be/4QYajwr_6q4

The Black Archive — History leaves clues.

#Tenochtitlan #AztecEmpire #HernanCortes #MexicanHistory #HistoryDocumentary #TheBlackArchive

I’ve always been fascinated by this piece of history. I’ve heard people say his samurai status is contested and calling him one is disrespectful to Japan. But why is his status still contested when the Japanese government has him stated to be a samurai on one of their official websites? This is from the Japanese ministry of foreign affairs website.

On This Day, October 26, 1942, during World War II, one of the most intense naval battles in the Pacific, the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, took place. The U.S. aircraft carrier USS Hornet (CV-8) was sunk, and the USS Enterprise (CV-6) was heavily damaged after fierce attacks by Japanese forces.

Although Japan claimed a tactical victory, it came at a devastating cost, the loss of many of its most skilled pilots and aircraft. This severely weakened Japan’s naval air power and ultimately shifted momentum in favor of the Allied forces in the Pacific War.

Japanese carriers Shokaku and Zuiho were severely damaged, along with the heavy cruiser Chikuma and destroyer Terutsuki. While the Japanese achieved a costly tactical win, the U.S. gained critical time to strengthen Guadalcanal’s defenses, a key step toward eventual victory in the Pacific.

The U.S. Navy was led by Rear Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid (Task Force 16) and Rear Admiral George D. Murray (Task Force 17), while the Japanese fleet was commanded by Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo.

This battle stands as a powerful reminder of the courage, sacrifice, and resilience of those who fought across the skies and seas.

On This Day, October 26, 1881, The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral. The dusty frontier town of Tombstone, Arizona Territory, became the setting for one of the most famous gunfights in American history.

On one side stood lawmen Wyatt Earp, Virgil Earp, and Morgan Earp, accompanied by their friend, the gunslinger known as Doc Holliday. Facing them were members of the Cowboys faction, including brothers Billy and Ike Clanton and brothers Tom and Frank McLaury.

Tensions between the two groups had been building for months. Disputes over law enforcement, armed men carrying weapons in town, and accusations involving criminal activity had pushed their rivalry towards a violent confrontation.

Then, at around 3 p.m., the confrontation became deadly.

The two sides met in a narrow vacant lot near the O.K. Corral. Gunfire erupted at close range. In roughly 30 seconds, around 30 shots were fired.

When the shooting stopped, Billy Clanton, Tom McLaury, and Frank McLaury were dead. Virgil and Morgan Earp and Doc Holliday had been wounded. Ike Clanton and Billy Claiborne survived without being killed in the exchange.

But one mystery has endured for generations: Who fired the first shot?

Witnesses gave conflicting accounts, and historians continue to debate the details. The gunfight was not simply a clear-cut battle between heroes and villains; the rival factions, their interests, and the events leading up to the shooting were far more complicated than many Hollywood films suggest.

After the gunfight, Wyatt, Virgil, Morgan Earp, and Doc Holliday faced a preliminary hearing over the killings. The judge ultimately ruled that the shooting was justified.

The encounter later inspired books, films, and television shows, transforming the Earps and Doc Holliday into enduring figures of Wild West folklore.

And there is an interesting twist: despite its famous name, the gunfight did not actually take place inside the O.K. Corral. It happened in a nearby vacant lot.

More than 140 years later, this brief and bloody confrontation remains a symbol of the lawlessness, rivalries, and legends of the American frontier.

Thirty seconds of gunfire. Three men dead. One showdown remembered for generations.

Source: https://youtu.be/7PspP6tPfgg

On This Day, October 25, 1415, the Battle of Agincourt, one of the most remarkable battles of the Middle Ages, unfolded near Azincourt in northern France. King Henry V of England led his exhausted troops into battle against French forces during the Hundred Years’ War.

Henry’s campaign in France had already taken a heavy toll. After capturing the town of Harfleur, his army faced disease, fatigue, and dwindling supplies. His soldiers were marching towards Calais when a French army blocked their route.

The English were in a dangerous position. They had endured a grueling march, and the French appeared to have the advantage in numbers and heavily armored knights.

But the battlefield would change everything.

The ground was muddy, and the narrow field between wooded areas restricted the movement of the advancing French forces. Henry’s army made effective use of its English longbowmen, whose powerful volleys of arrows disrupted the French advance.

As French soldiers struggled through the mud and crowded battlefield, their formations became increasingly difficult to maintain. The English archers and men-at-arms took advantage of the confusion, turning what appeared to be an overwhelming challenge into a stunning victory.

The French suffered devastating losses, including many members of their nobility. Henry V emerged from the battle with a victory that strengthened his reputation and helped pave the way for further English campaigns in France.

Yet Agincourt did not end the Hundred Years’ War. The conflict continued for decades, and England eventually lost nearly all its possessions in France.

The battle’s legacy grew even larger centuries later through William Shakespeare’s play Henry V, which immortalized the king’s stirring call to his soldiers and the famous phrase, “We few, we happy few, we band of brothers.”

More than six centuries later, Agincourt remains a powerful story of leadership, battlefield strategy, and the unpredictable nature of war.

Why did warfare evolve from low-casualty ritual clashes and citizen militias into an industrial conveyor belt of human attrition? Throughout history, the way societies wage war has always reflected how they produce wealth—from the social stratification of the Neolithic era and the gunpowder revolution to the trenches of World War I.

In this 20-minute video essay, I examine the political economy of warfare and how modern automation and digitalization have created a "surplus population" phenomenon, turning human life into a cheap, expendable commodity on a state and corporate balance sheet.