From the Wikipedia article on "Nostra Aetate": Nostra aetate - Wikipedia

Part four of the text deals with Jews. Repeated in the text is the traditional teaching that the Catholic Church sees the beginnings of its Faith in the Patriarchs and Prophets of ancient Israel). It also notes that the Apostles and many of the early Disciples of Jesus Christ at the founding of the Catholic Church had their roots in the Jews of that time, despite the fact that "Jerusalem did not recognize the time of her visitation, nor did the Jews in large number, accept the Gospel; indeed not a few opposed its spreading." The most significant departure in the document from previous approaches was that "this sacred synod wants to foster and recommend that mutual understanding and respect which is the fruit, above all, of biblical and theological studies as well as of fraternal dialogues." This paved the way for Catholic–Jewish interfaith dialogue in the decades following on from the Second Vatican Council in a manner which was not commonplace before.

The final text of Nostra aetate, as promulgated in 1965, in regard to the question of Jewish deicide (that is to say Jewish culpability for the trial and crucifixion of Jesus Christ) did not include the word "deicide" specifically, as it had in some previously proposed versions.^\10]) On this issue, the document says "what happened in His passion cannot be charged against all the Jews, without distinction, then alive, nor against the Jews of today." The exclusion of the specific term "deicide" and the textual ambiguity resulting from the fierce debates at the council is such that the text has been interpreted in different ways, the "cannot be charged against all the Jews, without distinction" allows conservatives to present that the Jews who had become Christians, then and since, were not culpable, while others present it as exonerating the Jews of deicide as a whole.^\11]) At the time of its promulgation, liberal elements within the SECU and American Jewish organisations saw the final version of the text as a defeat for their position on this issue.^\10])

On the question of antisemitism, the document says that the Church "decries hatred, persecutions, displays of anti-Semitism, directed against Jews at any time and by anyone."^\7]) Earlier versions of the text said that it "condemns" it, but this was removed from the final version.^\10])

On This Day, October 28, 1940, Fascist Italy launched an invasion of Greece, expecting a swift military victory. Instead, Italian forces encountered fierce resistance that would turn the campaign into a humiliating setback for Benito Mussolini.

At approximately 3 a.m., Italian ambassador Emanuele Grazzi delivered an ultimatum to Greek Prime Minister Ioannis Metaxas. Italy demanded permission to occupy strategic locations inside Greece. Metaxas rejected the demands, and before the ultimatum had even expired, Italian troops began crossing the Greek-Albanian border.

Italy was already occupying Albania, which it had invaded in 1939. Mussolini wanted to expand Italian power across the Balkans and strengthen his position in the Mediterranean.

But Greece refused to surrender.

Greek soldiers fought across rugged mountains and freezing terrain, defending their homeland against the invading army. The difficult landscape, harsh weather, and determined Greek resistance disrupted Italy's plans for a rapid victory.

Then came an astonishing reversal.

In November 1940, Greek forces launched a counteroffensive, pushing the Italians back across the border and advancing into Italian-occupied Albania. By December, Greek troops had captured several towns and positions inside Albania.

Mussolini's attempt to demonstrate Italian military strength had become a serious embarrassment.

However, the struggle was far from over. In April 1941, Nazi Germany invaded Greece to support its Axis ally. Despite fierce resistance, Greece was eventually overrun by German forces.

October 28 remains a significant date in Greek history, commemorated as Ohi Day—"No Day"—symbolizing the country's refusal to accept the Italian ultimatum.

https://history-maps.com/podcast/roman-army-late-empire
In this episode, we explore the transformation of the Late Roman army beginning with the reforms of Diocletian in CE 284, placing these changes within the broader struggle to preserve imperial stability during a period of crisis. The discussion traces the shift away from the traditional legions of the Principate toward a more complex military structure that separated mobile field armies from permanently stationed border forces, reflecting new strategic and administrative priorities. We examine the pressures driving these reforms, including economic inflation, manpower shortages, and the growing dependence on barbarian-born soldiers, as well as technological adaptations such as the adoption of the spatha and reinforced helmets. The episode also considers debates over Roman grand strategy, particularly whether the empire relied on defense-in-depth or forward defense, and concludes by contrasting the relative resilience of the Eastern Roman forces with the gradual collapse of the Western army.

Medal of Honor. Victoria Cross.

Vasily Arkhipov saves the world from WW3.

https://youtube.com/shorts/DXdFvcLDfTc?feature=share

https://history-maps.com/warmap/napoleonic-wars/event/battle-of-jena-auerstedt

https://history-maps.com/warmap/english-civil-war/event/second-battle-of-newbury

This marked the completion of a 363 mile waterway linking Lake Erie to the Hudson River and the Atlantic Ocean. This was a monumental trade route in American History. Who remembers the song “15 Miles On the Erie Canal”??

https://history-maps.com/battlemaps/battle-of-myeongnyang-1597 - 3D Interactive BattleMap

https://history-maps.com/events/gunfight-at-the-ok-corral

On This Day, October 26, 1942, during World War II, one of the most intense naval battles in the Pacific, the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, took place. The U.S. aircraft carrier USS Hornet (CV-8) was sunk, and the USS Enterprise (CV-6) was heavily damaged after fierce attacks by Japanese forces.

Although Japan claimed a tactical victory, it came at a devastating cost, the loss of many of its most skilled pilots and aircraft. This severely weakened Japan’s naval air power and ultimately shifted momentum in favor of the Allied forces in the Pacific War.

Japanese carriers Shokaku and Zuiho were severely damaged, along with the heavy cruiser Chikuma and destroyer Terutsuki. While the Japanese achieved a costly tactical win, the U.S. gained critical time to strengthen Guadalcanal’s defenses, a key step toward eventual victory in the Pacific.

The U.S. Navy was led by Rear Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid (Task Force 16) and Rear Admiral George D. Murray (Task Force 17), while the Japanese fleet was commanded by Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo.

This battle stands as a powerful reminder of the courage, sacrifice, and resilience of those who fought across the skies and seas.