Hi all! In case you didn't know, there are two words for the color green in mandarin chinese. I'm doing a linguistics experiment for my final project to find out if non-mandarin speakers can grasp the nuance behind the two words without the lived experience mandarin speakers have, and would love if you helped by participating in my survey: https://form.typeform.com/to/YdBctSJa

Everyone is welcome, whether you speak mandarin or not! Thank you!

ذکرِ عدل و دادِ پادشاه

سپاس و ستایش مر خداوندی را سزاست که آفتابِ دولت را بر افقِ جهان افروخت و سایۀ عنایت خویش بر سرِ بندگان گسترد. در روزگارِ فرخندۀ پادشاهی، بنیادِ عدل و داد استوار گشت و رعایا در پرتوِ امن و امان به آسایش و آرامش روزگار گذراندند. فرمانِ همایون چون خورشیدِ جهان‌تاب بر آفاقِ ممالک تابید و نامِ شهریار به نیک‌نامی در صحایفِ ایام ثبت گردید.

I know Indo Uralic isn't accepted, but we have some amateur reconstructions of the proto language. As well as two people with degrees in historical linguistics!

We're looking for people who have knowledge in the topic!

Curious about your thoughts on this

I would be very grateful for recommendations on textbooks and academic references on Cognitive Linguistics, particularly those that can help me build a solid understanding of the field and apply its principles to language teaching. I’m also keen to learn more about teaching methodology and instructional materials design. If you have any favourite books or resources that have been particularly valuable in your own studies or teaching, I would love to hear your suggestions. Thank you so much for sharing your knowledge and experience!

I'm doing a semantics research and I need whoever wants to participate to describe, with as much detail as possible, the immediate mental image that comes to mind thinking about the word "penguin". Don't think about it too much, it must be the immediate image.

Thanks to everyone who will answer✌️

Hi everyone! I’m currently studying the characteristics of modern linguistics for my university course, and I’m looking for a good, reliable source that explains them clearly.
Could anyone recommend a textbook, website, or academic resource that covers these characteristics in detail and is easy to understand?

日本・中国等之漢字文化圏使用所謂｢漢字｣。如諸君既知之、漢字乃一種之表意文字也。

In Japan, China, and other parts of the Sinosphere, people use what are known as Sinographs (漢字) or Chinese characters. As you may already know, Sinographs are a type of ideographic writing.

組合漢字而表現複雑文意事、所謂｢漢文｣也。

The practice of combining sinographs to express complex meanings is what we call Sinography (漢文).

表意文字貫通言語之壁故、於東洋、異言語話者間之用漢文意志疎通自古代至現代盛也。所謂｢筆談｣也。

Because ideographic writing can transcend linguistic barriers, people in East Asia have used Sinography to communicate across language boundaries from ancient times to the present day. This practice is known as brush talk (筆談).

所謂｢古典漢文｣乃漢字文化圏之伝統的共通文語也。於日本中国韓国、学生皆学之於学校。

What is commonly called Classical Chinese has traditionally served as a shared written language across the Sinosphere. Students in Japan, China, and South Korea all study it at school.

又近年所謂｢偽中国語｣大流行而、特於網上為国際交流多用。偽中国語専用社交網｢対多｣於appli之人気序列記録一位而為話題、又日本国河野外相訪中時以偽中国語発信而集注目等、各国媒体屡報道之。於reddit亦 r/fakechinese 、r/Sinography 等複数偽中国語板存在。

In recent years, so-called Fake Chinese (偽中国語) has also become hugely popular, particularly as a means of international communication online. The dedicated Fake Chinese social networking app Tsuita (対多) made headlines after reaching the top of the app popularity rankings. Japan's Foreign Minister, Taro Kono, also attracted attention by posting in Fake Chinese during a visit to China. Such developments have repeatedly been covered by media outlets in various countries. Reddit, too, hosts several communities devoted to Fake Chinese, including r/fakechinese and r/Sinography.

妾日々与海外之友人等楽筆談。相手之出自乃和人、漢人、朝鮮人、越南人、蒙古人、満州人、独乙人、仏国人等々、多種多様也。妾以和語所作漢文、彼等以彼等之母語読之、彼等以彼等之母語所作之漢文、妾以和語読之。

I enjoy engaging in brush talk with friends overseas every day. They come from a remarkably diverse range of backgrounds: Japanese, Chinese, Taiwanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Mongolian, Manchu, German, French, and more. I compose Sinographic texts based on Japanese, which they read in their respective native languages. Conversely, they compose Sinographic texts based on their own native languages, which I read in Japanese.

如諸賢既知之、日本語与中国語与英語乃語族且違全然異言語也。｢Blue bird tweets｣乃日本語之場合｢Aoi toriga saezuru｣而中国語之場合｢Qing niao zhuan｣也、但以漢文書之則日本語中国語英語全｢青鳥囀｣而、不得区別其外形也。

As you may already know, Japanese, Chinese, and English are entirely different languages belonging to different language families. For example, the English phrase “Blue bird tweets” would be rendered as aoi tori ga saezuru in Japanese and qīng niǎo zhuàn in Chinese. Yet, when written in Sinography, all three can be represented by the same characters: 青鳥囀. Their written forms alone do not reveal which language is being expressed.

実面白事哉。漢文為日本語且中国語且英語乃明白也。

Isn't that fascinating? It seems to demonstrate that Sinography can be Japanese, Chinese, and even English.

於漢文、言語学之所見如何哉？　

But how should we understand Sinography from a linguistic perspective?

待望言語学者諸君之意見！

I eagerly look forward to hearing the opinions of linguists and other interested scholars!

Hello everyone, my name is Max (22M) and I'm an undergraduate linguistics student.

I've recently completed a pragmatic skills assessment form for my linguistic research but found myself unable to continue due to lack of answers. My thesis aims to establish the relationship between prior linguistic education and communication skills in neurotypical and neurodivergent individuals. If anyone is willing to answer my form, I will provide them with their personal results via email. The form itself consists mostly of closed questions and should only take a few minutes to fill.

Your help and feedback would be highly appreciated.

Link here: https://forms.gle/9NJp81DTY6PZ7L3b7

[https://forms.gle/vsmxYY4YA7omxAsGA](https://forms.gle/vsmxYY4YA7omxAsGA))

Hello. My name is Syltiel, 20M -- I'm a poet based in Singapore self-studying poetry and linguistics. I'm testing readers' responses to verse and would love your first impressions. It doesn't take too long, it takes under five minutes for the whole survey (estimated). It's anonymous and for ages 18+. No poetry background needed, though I'm keen on hearing from people who have formal backgrounds in linguistics and literature.

(You don't need to be concerned about this particular part when doing the quiz, this is mainly for people who are interested in the subject. And also, if possible, please only open the explanation AFTER you have done the survey so as to limit bias. Thank you.)

>!I made this survey after coming across a concept I term 'Word harmony' in which the tonality (imagery. Not to be confused with music or phonetic tonality) of a poem comes from the relationship between the senses of its words and phrases. (Mainly inspired by Frege’s distinction between sense and reference, see citation below. Though what I call tonality is closer to what he called the associated idea.)!<

>!For instance, the words 'fire' and 'wood' may create the image of a hearth, or a campfire -- and this image is what I call tonality, which I feel is how the musical effect of poems like the 'Four Quartets' of T.S. Eliot and 'The wanderings of Oisin' by W.B. Yeats was created. (Of course, this is not a conclusive statement. So be warned) In a sense, the overall effect of a poem is the interplay between the tonalities of its parts.!<

>!For example, I suspect that the images can create tension based on how far apart they are in terms of taxonomical distance. The general gist of it is to understand how effort affects the effects readers get (which is based in relevance theory. See citation below.) !<

>!If you'd like to read more about it, the confirmation page after the survey is more elaborate on how it works and how it can be applied in poetry. !<

Also, a fair warning, but I'm not an academic, so there might be issues with the concept and the formatting of the survey and the design of things, so please raise them in the comments if possible. Thank you.

Sources:

Frege, G. (1892). Über Sinn und Bedeutung. *Zeitschrift für Philosophie und philosophische Kritik, 100*(1), 25–50. [http://hdl.handle.net/21.11120/0000-000C-519E-7](http://hdl.handle.net/21.11120/0000-000C-519E-7))

Wilson, D., & Sperber, D. (2004). Relevance theory. In L. R. Horn & G. Ward (Eds.), *The handbook of pragmatics* (pp. 607–632). Blackwell. [edited Wilson & Sperber.PDF](https://people.bu.edu/bfraser/Relevance%20Theory%20Oriented/Sperber%20&%20Wilson%20-%20RT%20Revisited.pdf)

Please can anybody help.

Greetings everyone!

Frankly, I was unhappy using Duolingo. It gave me arbitrary sentences and, above all, did not really teach me a language. Therefore, I decided to tackle this on my own and create the resource called Language through Literature ( www.languagethroughliterature.com )

There you can find original literature with live translations, audio and courses in four languages. French, German, Russian and Spanish.

I would be very happy if you can give me your opinion on this approach.

All the best! :)

你的查词习惯，正在拖死你的俄语（1）

写在前面：

这一系列不只针对俄语学习者。它是我基于俄语逻辑所整理的一套查词认知，也适合想把二外、三外练得更地道、更高效的人。

很多人学了两年还是说不利索，别光怪自己懒， 很大概率是你的查词方式有问题。

大部分人图省事，遇到生词就中俄词典、翻译软件、AI，三件套一上，感觉自己学得挺快。但其实这样的做法只是在给中文找俄语替身罢了，对于一个语言的认知和直觉翻来覆去只是被锁死在了“大БКРС＋翻译软件+AI”的框架中。如图所示的两个例子，看医生和喝汤两个词便是初学者常见的中文找俄语替身时闹的笑话。

作为非俄语母语者，尤其母语不是斯拉夫语的人，我们本来就缺母语者语境下那种长期且海量的被动词汇和主动词汇积累。并且在语言逻辑和思考方式上，也和斯拉夫语使用者差得很远。

用“原生俄语框架辅助工具”（俄语原版词典），不是为了装b，而是为了在有限时间里，补上我们的中文逻辑里没被训练过的各种感知、直觉，以及对词根、前缀、后缀等搭配的“连接感”。

你可能会问：谁还不会查个词典？可现实是，简中互联网生态系统里，能把“俄语原版词典怎么用”讲明白的内容，几乎为零。99%的所谓“优质内容”都停留在以下两个极端：

要么极度扁平： 社交平台上只管无脑甩链接、不讲认知的“神器盘点”，或是零敲碎打、应试思维的中式语法灌输；

要么脱离实战： 学术论文里通篇堆砌辞书学术语、普通人根本看不下去的“理论研究”。

俄语词典很多，多到数量能上双。我这里常用的大致四类：

详解词典（Толковый словарь）、正字法词典（Орфографический словарь）、同义词典（Словарь синонимов）、成语词典（Фразеологический словарь）。

它们分别解决：

真懂、写对、不单调、用得地道。

这章我不展开具体用法，先给大家一张地图。下一篇，先讲最关键的：详解词典，为什么“看不懂也要硬看”。

总而言之，双语词典给你答案，俄语原版词典给你脑子。

What do you think of the fact that in every society there seems to exist a class of people who speak a language that their own people do not understand? They try to be unintelligible on purpose.

What does this say about the meaning of learning a language when so many of the speakers of a language do not understand everything which is said or written?