r/zizek • u/Lastrevio • 11h ago
Zizek, Hope, Buddhism and Suicide: Having nothing left to lose vs. having nothing left to gain
I recently watched Zizek's last interview on BBC where he ended with a very interesting phrase on hope. He said that hope is an excuse to leave to others to do in the future what you can solve right now by yourself. We should be more hopeless because when you are truly desperate, you act.
At the same time, my Zen master recently gave us a talk in which he told us how his master often said how Zen is for people with no hope. This makes a slight reference to a passage in the Heart Sutra, often chanted in ceremonies in many sects of Mahayana Buddhism:
"With nothing to attain, a bodhisattva relies on the perfection of great wisdom, and thus the mind is without hindrance. Without hindrance, there is no fear."
If you have the patience to read it, here is the full context:
Shariputra, form does not differ from emptiness; emptiness does not differ from form. Form itself is emptiness, emptiness itself form. Sensations, perceptions, formations, and consciousness are also like this. Shariputra, all dharmas are marked by emptiness; they neither arise nor cease, are neither defiled nor pure, neither increase nor decrease. Therefore, given emptiness, there is no form, no sensation, no perception, no formation, no consciousness; no eyes, no ears, no nose, no tongue, no body, no mind; no sight, no sound, no smell, no taste, no touch, no object of mind; no realm of sight… no realm of mind consciousness. There is neither ignorance nor extinction of ignorance… neither old age and death, nor extinction of old age and death; no suffering, no cause, no cessation, no path; no knowledge and no attainment. With nothing to attain, a bodhisattva relies on prajna paramita (the perfection of great wisdom), and thus the mind is without hindrance. Without hindrance, there is no fear. Far beyond all inverted views, one realizes nirvana. All Buddhas of past, present and future rely on prajna paramita, and thereby attain unsurpassed, complete, perfect enlightenment.
Notice how in the first half of the sutra, all objects or constituents of the objects of craving and attachment are negated. In the middle turning point, there is the part I quoted in the beginning about not having anything to attain, and then the sutra switches from negating to affirming certain things: the prajna paramita (the sutra itself), nirvana, enlightenment, etc.
The message of the sutra is clear: when you lose all objects of attachment, it is not correct to say that now you have hit 'rock bottom' and have nothing to lose. Quite the opposite: with nothing to cling onto, you have nothing left to gain! And without any sense of personal profit or gain (ego), the mind is without hindrance.
So then, why do both master Myoken (my master's master) and Zizek agree that we need a bit more hopelessness?
A person who is hopeless loses all expectation that things might turn better in the future, and thus they do not cling to an idealized future. A hopeful person waits for the promised future that might be better in order to avoid acting in the present, while the present screams at them to act right now.
The difference between "I have nothing left to lose" vs. "I have nothing left to gain" can even be exemplified in the social anxiety of hitting on people you are attracted to.
If a guy thinks to himself "I have nothing left to lose, so I might as well try to ask her out. In the worst case, she just says no and I don't lose anything, my life returns to normal. In the best case, I can hope that I might gain something out of this."
This mentality is undesirable for three reasons:
Firstly, it is a mentality of personal profit, the mentality of the neoliberal achievement-subject. I have nothing left to lose, but everything to gain/attain, and therefore I will always end up on a surplus.
Secondly, hope leads to expectations. Expectations lead to nervousness. If I actually have a chance with her, then I'll get nervous that I'll mess it up, and that will paradoxically make me mess it up.
Thirdly, hope is sometimes an excuse that the future will simply solve itself instead of doing something about it now.
Now, let's look at the opposite case, the hopeless man:
A guy thinks to himself: "There's no way I have a chance with her, I have no hope, she's way out of my league. But because there is no chance that things might turn out great for me, there is no chance that I can fuck this up, since the potential version of a better future I could fuck up right now would have never existed anyway. So, if I have nothing to gain anyway, I might as well talk to her, become friends, maybe flirt in a joking way without the hope that things can develop into something."
And paradoxically, the body relaxes, you become friendlier and funnier, and things actually might turn out great. You had no chance anyway, so the stakes aren't high. Like Zizek says: the paradox is that in order to survive, you must risk death. A similar paradox is at play here: in order to save the future, you have to already act like the apocalypse has arrived.
Even suicide is a case of too much hope. Suicidal people aren't hopeless enough. If you kill yourself, you have hope that after death you will no longer suffer. A truly hopeless person doesn't imagine a future in which they will no longer suffer and will instead believe that even death cannot rid them of their suffering. In that moment, there is no need to kill yourself, no wish for it, and all that is left is the present moment and learning how to live with the suffering. You don't become happier, but you might get peace of mind. Not even death can save them.
So what about atheists who don't believe in the afterlife? I'd argue that they still cling onto a certain kind of lack. Many atheists believe that in the afterlife, there would just be some sort of eternal black void, but even that is a type of determinate nothingness.
A suicidal atheist wants to die so that the "me" will no longer suffer. But if I get rid of the "me", then who will not-suffer? In order for me to not suffer, there must be a me who will experience the not-suffering. If you truly no longer exist after death, then there is no hope that the self will get rid of their suffering. They would kill themselves so that... "who" will not suffer?
If the nothingness of the suicidal atheists is a nothingness-without-suffering, then that becomes a determinate nothing, not an indeterminate and unconditioned one. A nothingness without suffering is a nothingness that we can say something specific about. It's a nothing without a very specific thing instead of a nothing without another specific thing. Why does this nothingness lack suffering instead of lacking happiness, or love, or mobile phones, or trees? Why does the suicidal atheist dream of an eternal nothingness without suffering instead of an eternal nothingness without trees? It's like how coffee without cream and coffee without milk are two different things in Zizek's jokes.
Quite ironically, the determinate nothingness without suffering is quite similar to the conception of nirvana in many understandings of Buddhism, which makes the suicidal atheist accept a form of afterlife.
The case for hopelessness is a case of relaxation. But an active relaxation. During zazen, our master told us recently to make our body be "relaxed, but not idle - cats are very good at this". Relaxed without falling asleep, with your spine straight and eyes half open, with full concentration. A hopeless person is a person who knows the stakes are not high, so there is no point in not-trying, because now they try for an intrinsic motivation, for the sake of trying, for the sake of the action itself, not as a means to an end to obtain a personal profit in the future. This is the ultimate refuge against capitalisim and neoliberal culture: a thing is done for the sake of it, not with the hope of future personal gain.
A person without hope, by abandoning any idea that things could get better, believes that things cannot get any better than this. And isn't this the most positive outlook on life?